THE RETURN OF STEVE:" Sky watchers are still sorting out all the things they saw during last weekend's "Labor Day" geomagnetic storm. Upon further review, not every light in the sky was the aurora borealis. There was also STEVE:
"STEVE put on a good show," reports Lauri Kangas, who photographed the luminous purple ribbon cutting across the sky over Fort Frances, Ontario. "The display lasted for more than 90 minutes."
STEVE (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement) looks like an aurora, but it is not. The phenomenon is caused by hot (3000°C) ribbons of gas flowing through Earth's magnetosphere at speeds exceeding 6 km/s (13,000 mph). These ribbons appear during some geomagnetic storms, revealing themselves by their soft purple glow.
Earlier this year, researchers led by Toshi Nishimura of Boston University published an important paper about STEVE. Using data from NASA's THEMIS spacecraft, they located STEVE's power source: Magnetic explosions called 'substorms' more than 22,000 km above Earth's surface hurl streams of hot plasma toward Earth. When the material reaches an altitude ~250 km above Earth's surface, it begins to emit a mauve light.
There's more. THEMIS data showed that the same explosions can spray energetic electrons toward Earth. These electrons move even deeper into the atmosphere, all the way down to 100 km, where they ignite a form of green auroras called "the picket fence." Indeed, many sky watchers saw the picket fence beneath STEVE over Labor Day weekend:
"The green pickets underneath STEVE were quite distinct," says Bruce Smith who took this picture from Thorhild, Alberta.
Nishimura's study showed that STEVE and the green pickets are inextricably connected. "They are two different manifestations of a single magnetic explosion high above Earth," explains Nishimura. "The picket fence is an aurora. STEVE is not. Nevertheless, they are linked."
The colors of the display are only partially understood. Picket fences are green because of oxygen, which emits green photons when it is pummeled by energetic electrons. The purple color of STEVE ... is still a mystery. "We are looking at this more closely in a follow-up study," says Nishimura. "We suspect that nitrogen is involved, but we are not yet certain."
Ready for more? Good news. The season for STEVE is now. Studies show that STEVE tends to occur more frequently during spring and fall than summer and winter. The onset of northern autumn, only weeks away, seems to lure the arc out of summer hiding. Stay tuned." Aurora alerts: SMS Text https://www.spaceweatheralerts.com/
Realtime STEVE Photo Gallery https://spaceweathergallery.com/index.php?title=steve
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Here's one of the shots I captured resized because the program won't upload them, but I wish you could see it full size.
